Are you committed to thriving in vibrant health and longevity? Our Optimal Health Blood Test offers a profound insight into your present and future well-being, encompassing a meticulous examination of 58 vital biomarkers. This all-encompassing panel provides unparalleled depth, empowering you with the knowledge to make informed decisions about your health journey.
Delve into the intricate balance of your physiology with a comprehensive analysis of crucial biomarkers, including:
Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide. It is essential for maintaining energy and overall health. Low haemoglobin, known as anaemia, can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. This may result from iron deficiency due to poor diet, absorption issues such as Crohn’s disease, or blood loss. Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency can also reduce haemoglobin by impairing red blood cell production. Chronic illnesses, such as kidney disease, can contribute by lowering haemoglobin levels. High haemoglobin, called polycythaemia, can occur due to dehydration, which concentrates the blood. It may also result from low oxygen levels caused by conditions like COPD, smoking, or living at high altitudes. In some cases, it indicates polycythaemia vera, a rare blood disorder that leads to excess red blood cell production. Monitoring haemoglobin levels is key to assessing oxygen delivery and energy in the body.
Haematocrit
Haematocrit measures the proportion of red blood cells in your blood. It is an important indicator of your blood's ability to carry oxygen efficiently to tissues and organs. Low haematocrit levels can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. This may be due to anaemia caused by iron deficiency, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, blood loss, or chronic conditions such as kidney disease, which impair red blood cell production. High haematocrit levels may result from dehydration, which reduces plasma volume and concentrates red blood cells. It can also be caused by low oxygen levels due to smoking, chronic lung conditions, or living at high altitudes. In some cases, it may indicate polycythaemia vera, a rare condition that increases red blood cell production. Monitoring haematocrit is essential for assessing blood oxygen-carrying capacity and overall health.
Red Cell Count
Red cell count measures the number of red blood cells in your blood. These cells are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and removing carbon dioxide. A low red cell count can indicate anaemia, which may cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Common causes include iron deficiency, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, blood loss, or chronic illnesses such as kidney disease that reduce red blood cell production. A high red cell count can result from dehydration, which concentrates the blood. It may also occur due to low oxygen levels caused by smoking, chronic lung conditions, or living at high altitudes. In some cases, it may indicate polycythaemia vera, a condition that causes excessive red blood cell production. Monitoring red cell count is important for understanding oxygen transport and overall health.
MCV
MCV (mean corpuscular volume) measures the average size of your red blood cells. This helps assess how effectively oxygen is transported throughout the body. A low MCV indicates smaller-than-normal red blood cells, often linked to microcytic anaemia caused by iron deficiency. This can result from poor dietary intake, blood loss, or conditions like Crohn’s disease that reduce iron absorption. A high MCV reflects larger-than-normal red blood cells, which may indicate macrocytic anaemia. This is commonly caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency and can also be associated with excessive alcohol consumption or hypothyroidism. Assessing MCV helps identify the underlying cause of anaemia and guides treatment strategies.
MCH
MCH (mean corpuscular haemoglobin) measures the average amount of haemoglobin in each red blood cell. Haemoglobin is essential for carrying oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide. Low MCH indicates that red blood cells contain less haemoglobin than normal, often associated with iron deficiency anaemia. This can result from insufficient dietary iron, blood loss, or conditions like coeliac disease that affect iron absorption. High MCH means red blood cells contain more haemoglobin than normal, which may indicate macrocytic anaemia caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. It can also be linked to excessive alcohol consumption or certain thyroid disorders. Monitoring MCH helps evaluate the effectiveness of oxygen transport in the blood and identify potential causes of anaemia.
MCHC
MCHC (mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration) measures the average concentration of haemoglobin within red blood cells. It reflects how effectively oxygen is being carried in the blood. Low MCHC levels, known as hypochromia, indicate that red blood cells have less haemoglobin than normal. This is often associated with iron deficiency anaemia, which can result from inadequate dietary iron, chronic blood loss, or absorption issues such as coeliac disease. High MCHC levels, known as hyperchromia, are less common and may occur in conditions such as hereditary spherocytosis, where red blood cells are abnormally shaped, or autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, which causes premature destruction of red blood cells. Monitoring MCHC helps in diagnosing different types of anaemia and evaluating the overall efficiency of oxygen transport in the blood.
RDW
RDW (red cell distribution width) measures the variation in the size of your red blood cells. It helps identify abnormalities in red blood cell production and provides insights into the underlying causes of anaemia. A high RDW indicates a greater variation in red blood cell size, which may occur in conditions like iron deficiency anaemia, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, or mixed anaemias where multiple nutrient deficiencies are present. It can also suggest recent blood loss or recovery from anaemia as the body produces new red blood cells of varying sizes. A normal RDW with abnormal red blood cell indices, such as low MCV or MCH, can help pinpoint specific types of anaemia or related conditions. RDW is a valuable marker for diagnosing and understanding the complexity of anaemia and other blood disorders.
White Cell Count
White cell count measures the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in your blood. These cells are a critical part of your immune system, helping to fight infections, inflammation, and other diseases. A low white cell count, known as leukopenia, can result from conditions that affect bone marrow production, such as certain viral infections, autoimmune diseases, or bone marrow disorders. It may also be caused by treatments like chemotherapy or medications that suppress the immune system. A high white cell count, known as leukocytosis, often indicates an active infection, inflammation, or stress. It can also result from conditions like leukaemia, where there is abnormal overproduction of white blood cells, or other immune responses such as allergies. Monitoring white cell count is essential for assessing immune function and identifying potential infections or underlying health conditions.
Neutrophils
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in your immune system by fighting bacterial infections and responding to inflammation. They are the most abundant white blood cells in the body. Low neutrophil levels, known as neutropenia, can increase the risk of infections and may result from conditions like bone marrow disorders, certain viral infections, autoimmune diseases, or chemotherapy treatments that suppress bone marrow activity. High neutrophil levels, known as neutrophilia, often indicate bacterial infections, physical or emotional stress, or inflammation due to injury or conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Elevated neutrophils can also be seen in response to certain medications or as a result of smoking. Monitoring neutrophil levels provides valuable insights into your immune system’s ability to respond to infections and other health challenges.
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell essential for your immune system, playing a key role in fighting viral infections and supporting long-term immunity through antibody production. Low lymphocyte levels, known as lymphopenia, can occur due to viral infections, autoimmune diseases, or conditions that suppress the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS or chemotherapy. Prolonged stress or severe malnutrition can also lead to reduced lymphocyte counts. High lymphocyte levels, known as lymphocytosis, are often associated with viral infections such as glandular fever, measles, or mumps. Elevated levels can also occur in certain blood cancers, such as leukaemia or lymphoma, or in autoimmune conditions. Monitoring lymphocyte levels is important for evaluating immune function and identifying infections, immune disorders, or other underlying health issues.
Monocytes
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a critical role in your immune system by helping to fight infections, remove dead or damaged tissue, and support inflammation control. They also develop into macrophages, which engulf and destroy harmful pathogens. Low monocyte levels, known as monocytopenia, may occur in response to stress, certain infections, or conditions that suppress bone marrow activity, such as chemotherapy or bone marrow disorders. High monocyte levels, known as monocytosis, are often seen in chronic infections like tuberculosis, inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, or recovery phases of acute infections. Elevated monocytes can also indicate blood disorders such as leukaemia or other chronic inflammatory diseases. Monitoring monocyte levels provides valuable information about immune function and helps identify infections, inflammatory conditions, or other health issues.
Eosinophils
Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell involved in allergic responses and fighting parasitic infections. They play a crucial role in regulating inflammation, particularly during immune reactions. Low eosinophil levels are typically not a cause for concern, as normal levels in the blood are already quite low. However, they can occasionally decrease due to acute stress, Cushing's syndrome, or the effects of corticosteroid medications. High eosinophil levels, known as eosinophilia, are often associated with allergic conditions such as asthma, eczema, or hay fever. They can also indicate parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases, or certain blood disorders, including eosinophilic leukaemia. Monitoring eosinophil levels can help diagnose and manage allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and inflammatory or immune-related conditions.
Basophils
Basophils are a type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions and immune system responses. They release histamine and other chemicals that help combat allergens and infections, and they play a role in inflammatory processes. Low basophil levels are generally not a cause for concern, as their numbers are naturally very low in the blood. However, they can decrease due to stress, severe allergic reactions, or the use of corticosteroid medications. High basophil levels, known as basophilia, may occur in allergic conditions like hay fever or asthma, chronic inflammation, or certain blood disorders such as myeloproliferative diseases. Elevated basophils can also indicate autoimmune conditions or parasitic infections. Monitoring basophil levels helps in identifying and managing allergies, inflammation, and underlying immune or blood-related disorders.
Platelet Count
Platelet count measures the number of platelets in your blood. Platelets are small cell fragments essential for blood clotting and wound healing, playing a crucial role in preventing excessive bleeding. Low platelet count, known as thrombocytopenia, can increase the risk of bruising and bleeding. It may result from conditions such as viral infections, autoimmune diseases, certain medications, or bone marrow disorders. Severe cases can occur in diseases like dengue fever or leukaemia. High platelet count, known as thrombocytosis, may occur in response to inflammation, infections, or iron deficiency. It can also be a sign of a bone marrow disorder or a reactive process following surgery or trauma. Monitoring platelet count is essential for assessing blood clotting ability and identifying potential underlying health conditions.
MPV
MPV (mean platelet volume) measures the average size of your platelets. It helps assess platelet function and production, providing insights into blood clotting and overall platelet health. Low MPV levels indicate smaller-than-average platelets, which may be associated with bone marrow disorders or conditions that impair platelet production. It can also occur in certain types of anaemia or during chemotherapy treatments. High MPV levels reflect larger-than-average platelets, which may indicate increased platelet production. This is often seen in conditions like inflammation, thrombocytopenia recovery, or disorders affecting bone marrow activity. High MPV can also be linked to cardiovascular risks, such as heart disease or stroke. Monitoring MPV helps evaluate platelet health and identify potential blood or clotting-related issues.
Urea
Urea is a waste product formed in the liver when protein is broken down, and it is excreted by the kidneys. Measuring urea levels provides insight into kidney function and protein metabolism. Low urea levels may occur due to a low-protein diet, liver disease, or conditions where the body cannot properly metabolise proteins. Pregnancy or excessive fluid intake can also lower urea levels without indicating a health problem. High urea levels, known as uraemia, are often associated with kidney dysfunction or dehydration, where the kidneys cannot efficiently remove waste from the blood. It can also result from high-protein diets, gastrointestinal bleeding, or conditions causing increased protein breakdown, such as severe infections or trauma. Monitoring urea levels is essential for assessing kidney health and the body's ability to manage protein metabolism
Creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscle metabolism and filtered out of the blood by the kidneys. Measuring creatinine levels helps assess kidney function. Low creatinine levels are uncommon but may occur in conditions that lead to reduced muscle mass, such as advanced age, severe malnutrition, or chronic illness. High creatinine levels typically indicate reduced kidney function or impaired filtration. This can result from acute or chronic kidney disease, dehydration, or conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure that affect kidney health. Temporary increases can also occur after intense exercise or muscle injury. Monitoring creatinine levels is critical for evaluating kidney health and detecting potential issues with waste filtration in the body.
eGFR
eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) is a calculation used to assess how well your kidneys filter waste from the blood. It provides a measure of overall kidney function. A low eGFR indicates reduced kidney function, which may be due to chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, or conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or urinary tract obstruction. A persistently low eGFR requires further investigation to determine the underlying cause and stage of kidney disease. A normal or high eGFR typically indicates healthy kidney function. However, factors such as age, muscle mass, or pregnancy can influence eGFR values. Extremely high values are rare and generally not a concern. Monitoring eGFR helps detect kidney problems early and is essential for managing chronic conditions that impact kidney health.
Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells. It is processed by the liver and excreted in bile. Measuring bilirubin levels helps assess liver function and red blood cell turnover. Low bilirubin levels are generally not clinically significant and are often seen in healthy individuals or as a result of specific medications. High bilirubin levels, known as hyperbilirubinaemia, can indicate liver dysfunction, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or bile duct obstruction. It can also occur in haemolytic anaemia, where red blood cells break down too quickly, or in newborns with immature livers (neonatal jaundice). Elevated bilirubin can cause jaundice, characterised by yellowing of the skin and eyes. Monitoring bilirubin levels is important for diagnosing and managing liver disease, gallbladder conditions, and blood disorders.
ALP
ALP (alkaline phosphatase) is an enzyme found in various tissues, primarily in the liver, bones, and bile ducts. Measuring ALP levels helps assess liver function and bone health. Low ALP levels are rare but may occur due to malnutrition, zinc or magnesium deficiency, hypothyroidism, or certain genetic conditions affecting enzyme production. High ALP levels can indicate liver conditions such as bile duct obstruction, hepatitis, or liver disease. It can also suggest bone disorders, such as Paget’s disease, bone fractures, or conditions causing increased bone turnover like hyperparathyroidism. Elevated ALP is sometimes seen in normal growth spurts in children or during pregnancy due to placental ALP. Monitoring ALP levels is valuable for identifying liver or bone-related conditions and guiding appropriate treatment.
ALT
ALT (alanine aminotransferase) is an enzyme primarily found in the liver. It plays a key role in metabolising amino acids, and measuring ALT levels helps assess liver health. Low ALT levels are generally not a concern and are often seen in healthy individuals. High ALT levels can indicate liver damage or inflammation. Common causes include hepatitis, fatty liver disease, alcohol-related liver damage, or medication side effects. Elevated ALT may also result from conditions such as muscle injury or certain metabolic disorders. Monitoring ALT levels is essential for detecting liver damage early and evaluating the impact of liver-related conditions or treatments.
GGT
GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) is an enzyme found in the liver, bile ducts, and pancreas. It plays a role in breaking down toxins and is a key marker for liver and bile duct health. Low GGT levels are generally not a cause for concern and are often associated with good liver health. High GGT levels can indicate liver damage or bile duct issues. Common causes include excessive alcohol consumption, fatty liver disease, bile duct obstruction, or hepatitis. Elevated GGT may also occur with certain medications or conditions like pancreatitis and heart failure. Monitoring GGT levels is valuable for identifying liver or bile duct dysfunction and assessing the effects of alcohol or toxin exposure.
Total Protein
Total protein measures the combined levels of two types of proteins in your blood: albumin and globulin. These proteins are essential for maintaining fluid balance, supporting the immune system, and transporting nutrients and hormones. Low total protein levels may indicate malnutrition, liver disease, kidney disorders, or conditions that cause protein loss, such as nephrotic syndrome or severe burns. High total protein levels can result from chronic inflammation, infections, or conditions such as multiple myeloma or other plasma cell disorders. Dehydration can also temporarily raise protein levels by concentrating the blood. Monitoring total protein helps assess nutritional status, liver and kidney function, and immune system activity.
Albumin
Albumin is a protein produced by the liver that plays a vital role in maintaining fluid balance, transporting hormones, vitamins, and medications, and supporting overall nutritional health. Low albumin levels, known as hypoalbuminaemia, may indicate liver disease, kidney disorders such as nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition, or chronic inflammation. It can also occur with conditions causing protein loss, such as burns or gastrointestinal disorders. High albumin levels are less common and are typically associated with dehydration, where reduced plasma volume concentrates the albumin in the blood. Monitoring albumin levels is important for assessing liver and kidney function, nutritional status, and overall health.
Globulin
Globulin is a group of proteins in the blood that play a crucial role in immune function, blood clotting, and transporting nutrients and hormones. It includes subtypes such as immunoglobulins (antibodies) and transport proteins. Low globulin levels may indicate liver disease, kidney dysfunction, or immune disorders that impair protein production. It can also result from malnutrition or conditions that cause protein loss, such as nephrotic syndrome. High globulin levels are often associated with chronic inflammation, infections, or immune system disorders like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. Elevated levels may also indicate blood conditions such as multiple myeloma or other plasma cell disorders. Monitoring globulin levels helps assess immune system activity, liver and kidney function, and potential underlying health conditions.
SHBG
SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) is a protein produced by the liver that binds to sex hormones, such as testosterone and oestrogen, and regulates their availability for use by the body. Low SHBG levels may indicate conditions such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, obesity, or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It can also occur with hypothyroidism or in individuals with high levels of androgens. High SHBG levels may suggest liver disease, hyperthyroidism, or hormonal imbalances such as low testosterone in men or high oestrogen levels in women. It can also increase naturally with age or as a result of certain medications, such as oral contraceptives. Monitoring SHBG levels helps assess hormonal balance and can provide valuable insights into conditions affecting reproductive health, metabolism, and overall well-being.
HbA1c
HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin) measures the average blood sugar levels over the past 2–3 months. It reflects how well blood sugar is being controlled and is a key marker for diagnosing and managing diabetes. Low HbA1c levels are uncommon but may occur in individuals with frequent low blood sugar episodes (hypoglycaemia) or certain anaemias, such as those caused by blood loss or haemolysis. High HbA1c levels indicate poor blood sugar control, which may suggest diabetes or prediabetes. Persistently elevated levels can increase the risk of complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, nerve damage, and vision problems. Monitoring HbA1c is essential for assessing long-term blood sugar control and guiding treatment strategies to reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications.
Total Cholesterol
Total cholesterol measures the overall level of cholesterol in your blood, including both “good” HDL cholesterol and “bad” LDL cholesterol. Cholesterol is essential for cell structure, hormone production, and bile acid formation but must remain within healthy limits to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Low total cholesterol levels are uncommon but may occur due to malnutrition, liver disease, hyperthyroidism, or certain chronic conditions. High total cholesterol levels can increase the risk of atherosclerosis, heart disease, and stroke. Elevated levels are often associated with poor diet, obesity, lack of exercise, genetic conditions like familial hypercholesterolaemia, or underlying conditions such as hypothyroidism or diabetes. Monitoring total cholesterol is crucial for assessing cardiovascular health and guiding lifestyle or treatment strategies to manage heart disease risk.
LDL Cholesterol
LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol because high levels can lead to a build-up of fatty deposits (plaques) in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. Low LDL levels are generally not a concern and can indicate a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Extremely low levels, however, may occasionally be associated with malnutrition or certain genetic conditions. High LDL levels are a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis, which can lead to coronary artery disease, heart attack, or stroke. Elevated LDL cholesterol is often linked to poor diet, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, or underlying conditions such as diabetes or hypothyroidism. Genetic factors, like familial hypercholesterolaemia, can also contribute to high LDL levels. Monitoring LDL cholesterol is essential for managing cardiovascular health and preventing long-term complications.
Non HDL Cholesterol
Non-HDL cholesterol is the total cholesterol level minus the "good" HDL cholesterol. It represents all the "bad" types of cholesterol, including LDL and other lipoproteins that can contribute to plaque build-up in the arteries. Low non-HDL cholesterol levels are typically not a concern and may indicate a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. High non-HDL cholesterol levels are a strong indicator of cardiovascular risk, as they reflect the presence of harmful cholesterol types. Elevated levels can result from poor diet, obesity, lack of exercise, or conditions like diabetes, hypothyroidism, or genetic disorders such as familial hypercholesterolaemia. Monitoring non-HDL cholesterol provides a comprehensive measure of cardiovascular risk, helping guide lifestyle changes or treatment to protect heart health.
HDL Cholesterol
HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is often called "good" cholesterol because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the blood and transport it to the liver for elimination. Higher levels of HDL are associated with a reduced risk of heart disease and stroke. Low HDL cholesterol levels can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. They may result from poor diet, lack of exercise, obesity, smoking, or conditions such as type 2 diabetes. High HDL cholesterol levels are generally protective but, in rare cases, extremely elevated levels may be linked to genetic factors or may not provide additional benefit. Monitoring HDL cholesterol is important for assessing heart health and guiding lifestyle choices to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Total Cholesterol: HDL
The total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio compares the amount of total cholesterol to “good” HDL cholesterol in your blood. It is a useful indicator of cardiovascular risk, with lower ratios being more favourable for heart health. A high ratio indicates a higher risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. This can result from elevated LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, or both. Factors contributing to an unfavourable ratio include poor diet, lack of exercise, obesity, smoking, and conditions like diabetes or metabolic syndrome. A low ratio suggests a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, often reflecting higher HDL cholesterol levels relative to total cholesterol. Monitoring the total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio helps provide a more complete picture of cardiovascular risk and supports targeted prevention or treatment strategies.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood that your body uses for energy. They are stored in fat cells and released between meals. Measuring triglyceride levels helps assess cardiovascular and metabolic health. Low triglyceride levels are uncommon but may occur due to malnutrition, hyperthyroidism, or certain medical conditions that impair fat absorption. High triglyceride levels are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and are often associated with poor diet, obesity, lack of exercise, and excessive alcohol intake. They can also result from conditions such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypothyroidism, or genetic disorders like familial hypertriglyceridaemia. Monitoring triglyceride levels is crucial for managing heart health and identifying metabolic issues that may require lifestyle changes or medical intervention.
Triglycerides - HDL
The triglyceride-to-HDL ratio is a marker used to assess cardiovascular and metabolic health. It evaluates the balance between triglycerides (a type of fat) and HDL cholesterol (“good” cholesterol), providing insights into insulin sensitivity and heart disease risk. A low triglyceride-to-HDL ratio is generally considered healthy and suggests good metabolic and cardiovascular health. It is often associated with a lower risk of insulin resistance, heart disease, and other metabolic disorders. A high triglyceride-to-HDL ratio may indicate increased cardiovascular risk and potential insulin resistance. This can result from poor diet, obesity, lack of exercise, diabetes, or other metabolic conditions. Elevated ratios are particularly significant when assessing the risk of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. Monitoring the triglyceride-to-HDL ratio is a valuable tool for identifying individuals at risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and guiding lifestyle or medical interventions.
Apolipoprotein A1
Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is a protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, often referred to as “good cholesterol.” It plays a crucial role in transporting cholesterol away from tissues and arteries to the liver for excretion, helping reduce cardiovascular risk. Low ApoA1 levels may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and can be associated with conditions like metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, or genetic disorders affecting lipid metabolism. High ApoA1 levels are generally protective and linked to a reduced risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Elevated levels can reflect good HDL function and effective cholesterol transport, often associated with healthy lifestyle factors. Monitoring ApoA1 levels provides a more detailed understanding of HDL function and cardiovascular health, complementing standard lipid profiles in risk assessment.
Apolipoprotein B
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a protein found in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and other atherogenic lipoproteins. It plays a key role in transporting cholesterol to tissues and is considered a strong marker of cardiovascular risk. Low ApoB levels are generally associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and may reflect healthy lipid metabolism or effective treatment of high cholesterol. High ApoB levels indicate an increased number of atherogenic lipoproteins, which can contribute to plaque formation in arteries and lead to atherosclerosis, heart attack, or stroke. Elevated levels are often associated with conditions like high LDL cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or familial hypercholesterolaemia. Monitoring ApoB levels provides a more precise assessment of cardiovascular risk than LDL cholesterol alone, guiding prevention and treatment strategies.
Lipoprotein (A)
Lipoprotein(a), often abbreviated as Lp(a), is a type of lipoprotein similar to LDL cholesterol but with an additional protein called apolipoprotein(a). Elevated levels of Lp(a) are a significant independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Low Lp(a) levels are not typically a concern and indicate a lower risk of cardiovascular issues related to this marker. High Lp(a) levels are primarily determined by genetics and are associated with an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and aortic valve disease. Unlike other cholesterol markers, Lp(a) levels are less influenced by lifestyle factors, although they can be compounded by high LDL cholesterol or other metabolic conditions. Monitoring Lp(a) is valuable for assessing inherited cardiovascular risk, particularly in individuals with a family history of heart disease, and for tailoring preventive and therapeutic strategies.
ApoB:ApoA1 ratio
The ApoB:ApoA1 ratio compares the levels of apolipoprotein B (ApoB), found in "bad" lipoproteins like LDL, to apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), the primary protein in "good" HDL cholesterol. This ratio is a strong marker of cardiovascular risk, reflecting the balance between atherogenic and protective lipoproteins. A low ApoB:ApoA1 ratio is favourable and indicates a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. It reflects fewer atherogenic particles (like LDL) relative to protective HDL, often associated with good metabolic health and effective cholesterol transport. A high ApoB:ApoA1 ratio suggests an increased risk of atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke. This imbalance may result from elevated LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, or both, often linked to poor diet, obesity, type 2 diabetes, or metabolic syndrome. Monitoring the ApoB:ApoA1 ratio provides a comprehensive understanding of lipid-related cardiovascular risk and helps guide lifestyle and medical interventions to improve heart health.
CRP HS
CRP (C-reactive protein) high-sensitivity (hs-CRP) measures very low levels of CRP in the blood. It is a marker of inflammation and is used to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease. Low hs-CRP levels are typically considered normal and indicate minimal systemic inflammation, suggesting a lower risk of heart disease. High hs-CRP levels suggest increased inflammation, which may indicate a higher risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack or stroke. Elevated levels can also be associated with chronic conditions like diabetes, obesity, smoking, or infections and inflammatory diseases. Monitoring hs-CRP helps identify hidden cardiovascular risks and supports targeted interventions to reduce inflammation and improve heart health.
Uric Acid
Uric acid is a waste product formed when the body breaks down purines, which are found in certain foods and cells. It is normally excreted through the kidneys, and measuring uric acid levels helps assess metabolic and kidney health. Low uric acid levels are uncommon but may occur due to certain genetic conditions, kidney disorders, or excessive excretion caused by some medications or diets. High uric acid levels, known as hyperuricaemia, can lead to the formation of crystals in the joints, causing gout, or in the kidneys, causing kidney stones. Elevated levels may result from a high-purine diet, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, or conditions such as kidney disease, hypothyroidism, or metabolic syndrome. Monitoring uric acid levels is important for identifying and managing conditions like gout and kidney stones, as well as assessing overall metabolic health.
Iron
Iron is a vital mineral essential for producing haemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Measuring iron levels helps assess overall iron status and detect deficiencies or overload. Low iron levels may indicate iron deficiency, which can lead to anaemia. Common causes include insufficient dietary intake, blood loss (e.g., heavy menstruation or gastrointestinal bleeding), or absorption issues such as those caused by coeliac disease or Crohn’s disease. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. High iron levels may result from conditions such as haemochromatosis, a genetic disorder that causes iron to accumulate in the body. Elevated levels can also occur due to excessive iron supplementation or repeated blood transfusions, potentially leading to organ damage if untreated. Monitoring iron levels is crucial for diagnosing and managing iron deficiency anaemia, iron overload conditions, and overall oxygen transport efficiency in the body.
TIBC
TIBC (total iron-binding capacity) measures the blood's ability to bind and transport iron. It reflects the availability of transferrin, a protein that carries iron through the bloodstream, and helps assess overall iron status. Low TIBC levels may indicate conditions such as iron overload (e.g., haemochromatosis), chronic inflammation, liver disease, or malnutrition. These conditions reduce the production of transferrin or its ability to bind iron effectively. High TIBC levels often suggest iron deficiency, as the body increases transferrin production to compensate for low iron levels. Other causes may include pregnancy or the use of oral contraceptives, which can temporarily raise TIBC. Monitoring TIBC helps identify and differentiate between iron deficiency and iron overload, guiding appropriate treatment strategies.
UIBC
UIBC (unsaturated iron-binding capacity) measures the portion of transferrin that is not bound to iron. It complements TIBC and iron tests to provide a clearer picture of iron status in the body. Low UIBC levels may indicate iron overload, as most of the transferrin is saturated with iron. Conditions like haemochromatosis or excessive iron supplementation can cause low UIBC. High UIBC levels often suggest iron deficiency, where transferrin is underutilised due to low iron levels. It can also occur in cases of chronic blood loss or poor dietary intake of iron. Monitoring UIBC alongside other iron markers helps diagnose and manage iron-related disorders, such as iron deficiency anaemia or iron overload conditions.
Transferrin Saturation
Transferrin saturation measures the percentage of transferrin (a protein that transports iron in the blood) that is bound to iron. It provides valuable information about the balance of iron in the body. Low transferrin saturation levels often indicate iron deficiency, as there is insufficient iron to bind to transferrin. This may result from poor dietary intake, blood loss, or conditions like coeliac disease that affect iron absorption. High transferrin saturation levels suggest iron overload, which can occur in conditions such as haemochromatosis, excessive iron supplementation, or repeated blood transfusions. Elevated levels can lead to iron deposits in organs, potentially causing damage over time. Monitoring transferrin saturation is critical for diagnosing and managing iron deficiency anaemia or iron overload conditions effectively.
Ferritin
Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body and releases it as needed. Measuring ferritin levels provides an accurate assessment of the body’s iron stores and helps diagnose iron-related disorders. Low ferritin levels are a key indicator of iron deficiency, which can lead to anaemia. Causes include poor dietary intake, blood loss (e.g., heavy menstruation or gastrointestinal bleeding), or conditions that reduce iron absorption, such as coeliac disease or Crohn’s disease. High ferritin levels may indicate iron overload conditions such as haemochromatosis, repeated blood transfusions, or excessive iron supplementation. Elevated ferritin can also occur in inflammatory conditions, liver disease, or certain infections, as ferritin levels rise in response to inflammation. Monitoring ferritin levels is essential for evaluating iron stores and diagnosing both iron deficiency and overload, enabling targeted treatment.
Folate - Serum
Folate (serum) measures the level of folate, a B-vitamin essential for DNA production, red blood cell formation, and overall cell function. Folate is crucial for maintaining energy and preventing anaemia. Low folate levels may result in folate deficiency anaemia, causing fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Common causes include poor dietary intake, malabsorption conditions like coeliac disease, increased demand during pregnancy, or chronic alcohol consumption. Certain medications, such as methotrexate, can also lower folate levels. High folate levels are typically not harmful and may result from excessive supplementation. However, it is important to address any underlying causes of deficiency if present. Monitoring serum folate is essential for diagnosing folate deficiency and ensuring optimal red blood cell production and overall health.
Vitamin B12 - Active
Active vitamin B12 measures the biologically available form of vitamin B12, which is essential for red blood cell production, nerve function, and DNA synthesis. It provides a more accurate reflection of functional B12 status compared to total B12 levels. Low active vitamin B12 levels may lead to deficiency, causing symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, numbness, memory issues, and, in severe cases, pernicious anaemia. Causes include inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption conditions like pernicious anaemia or Crohn’s disease, and certain medications that reduce B12 absorption, such as metformin or proton pump inhibitors. High active vitamin B12 levels are rare and typically not harmful. They may occur with supplementation or in some cases of liver disease or certain blood disorders. Monitoring active vitamin B12 helps diagnose deficiency and guides treatment to support nerve health, red blood cell production, and overall well-being.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for bone health, immune function, and calcium absorption. It is primarily obtained through sunlight exposure and, to a lesser extent, from dietary sources and supplements. Low vitamin D levels can lead to deficiency, causing bone pain, muscle weakness, and an increased risk of fractures. Prolonged deficiency can result in conditions like rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Common causes include limited sunlight exposure, darker skin, malabsorption conditions, or inadequate dietary intake. High vitamin D levels are rare and typically result from excessive supplementation. Extremely high levels can lead to toxicity, causing symptoms like nausea, weakness, and hypercalcaemia (high blood calcium), which may damage the kidneys and other organs. Monitoring vitamin D levels is important for maintaining optimal bone health, supporting immune function, and preventing deficiency or toxicity.
TSH
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the function of the thyroid gland. It helps control the production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), which are essential for metabolism, energy production, and overall hormonal balance. Low TSH levels may indicate hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), where excessive thyroid hormone production suppresses TSH. This can cause symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, anxiety, and heat intolerance. High TSH levels may suggest hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, prompting the pituitary to release more TSH. Symptoms can include fatigue, weight gain, cold sensitivity, and depression. High TSH can also occur in certain cases of pituitary dysfunction. Monitoring TSH levels is essential for diagnosing and managing thyroid conditions, ensuring proper metabolic function and hormonal balance.
Free T3
Free T3 (triiodothyronine) measures the active form of the thyroid hormone T3 that is not bound to proteins in the blood. It plays a critical role in regulating metabolism, energy production, and overall cellular function. Low free T3 levels may indicate hypothyroidism, where the thyroid gland is underactive and unable to produce sufficient hormones. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold sensitivity, and sluggishness. Low levels can also occur due to severe illness (non-thyroidal illness syndrome) or nutritional deficiencies. High free T3 levels may indicate hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid gland is overactive. This can cause symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, sweating, and heat intolerance. High levels are often seen in conditions like Graves' disease or thyroid nodules. Monitoring free T3 levels is essential for assessing thyroid function and diagnosing thyroid imbalances that affect metabolic and overall health.
Free T4
Free thyroxine (free T4) measures the unbound, active form of the thyroid hormone T4 in the blood. T4 plays a key role in regulating metabolism, energy production, and growth. Low free T4 levels may indicate hypothyroidism, where the thyroid gland is underactive and fails to produce enough hormones. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, and depression. Low levels may also occur due to pituitary dysfunction or severe illness. High free T4 levels may indicate hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid gland is overactive. Symptoms can include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, sweating, and heat intolerance. High levels are often associated with conditions such as Graves' disease or thyroid nodules. Monitoring free T4 levels is crucial for evaluating thyroid function and diagnosing disorders that affect metabolic and overall health.
FSH
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a key role in regulating reproductive health. In women, it stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles, which contain eggs. In men, it supports sperm production by stimulating the testes. Low FSH levels may indicate a disruption in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In women, this can result from conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hypothalamic amenorrhea, often caused by stress, excessive exercise, or low body weight. In men, low levels can indicate reduced sperm production or hormonal imbalances. High FSH levels may suggest reduced ovarian reserve or menopause in women, as the body increases FSH production in an attempt to stimulate the ovaries. In men, high levels may indicate testicular dysfunction or damage. Monitoring FSH levels is essential for evaluating fertility, diagnosing reproductive disorders, and managing hormonal imbalances.
LH
LH (luteinising hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a critical role in reproductive health. In women, it triggers ovulation and supports the production of oestrogen and progesterone. In men, it stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes. Low LH levels may indicate issues with the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, which can disrupt hormone signalling. In women, this may result in irregular or absent menstrual cycles, while in men, it can lead to reduced testosterone levels and impaired sperm production. Causes include stress, excessive exercise, or conditions like hypothalamic amenorrhea. High LH levels may suggest ovarian failure or menopause in women, where the body produces more LH to compensate for reduced ovarian function. It may also indicate polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In men, high levels can signal testicular dysfunction. Monitoring LH levels is essential for assessing fertility, diagnosing reproductive disorders, and managing hormonal health.
Oestradiol
Oestradiol (E2) is a form of oestrogen, a hormone primarily produced in the ovaries, with smaller amounts made in the adrenal glands and fat tissue. It plays a vital role in regulating the menstrual cycle, supporting bone health, and maintaining cardiovascular and reproductive health. Low oestradiol levels in women may indicate menopause, ovarian failure, or hypothalamic amenorrhea caused by stress, excessive exercise, or low body weight. Symptoms of low oestradiol include irregular or absent periods, hot flushes, and reduced bone density. In men, low levels may be associated with hormonal imbalances or reduced testosterone production. High oestradiol levels in women may occur due to conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), oestrogen-secreting tumours, or excessive hormone replacement therapy. In men, elevated levels may result from obesity, liver dysfunction, or oestrogen-secreting tumours, and can cause symptoms like gynecomastia (breast tissue enlargement). Monitoring oestradiol levels is crucial for evaluating reproductive health, diagnosing hormonal disorders, and managing conditions like menopause, PCOS, or hormonal imbalances.
Free Testosterone - Calc
Free testosterone (calculated) measures the level of testosterone in the blood that is not bound to proteins, such as SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin), and is biologically active. It is crucial for assessing hormonal balance, reproductive health, and overall well-being. Low free testosterone levels in men can result in symptoms such as fatigue, reduced muscle mass, low libido, erectile dysfunction, and mood changes. Causes may include ageing, hypogonadism, obesity, chronic illness, or the use of certain medications. High free testosterone levels in men may indicate conditions like anabolic steroid use, testosterone replacement therapy, or certain tumours. In women, elevated free testosterone can cause symptoms such as acne, excessive hair growth (hirsutism), and irregular menstrual cycles, often associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Monitoring free testosterone levels is essential for diagnosing and managing conditions like hypogonadism, PCOS, or hormonal imbalances, and for guiding treatment decisions.
Testosterone
Testosterone is a steroid hormone primarily produced in the testes in men and in smaller amounts by the ovaries in women and the adrenal glands in both sexes. It plays a vital role in muscle mass, bone density, mood regulation, and reproductive health. Low testosterone levels in men may lead to symptoms such as fatigue, low libido, erectile dysfunction, reduced muscle mass, and mood changes. Causes include ageing, hypogonadism, chronic illnesses, obesity, or certain medications. In women, low levels may result in decreased energy, low libido, and mood disturbances. High testosterone levels in men are less common but may occur due to anabolic steroid use, testosterone therapy, or conditions like adrenal or testicular tumours. In women, high testosterone levels are often associated with conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), causing symptoms such as acne, excessive hair growth (hirsutism), and irregular menstrual cycles. Monitoring testosterone levels is essential for assessing hormonal balance, diagnosing reproductive disorders, and managing conditions like hypogonadism or PCOS.
Thyroglobulin Antibodies
Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) are immune proteins produced when the immune system mistakenly targets thyroglobulin, a protein essential for thyroid hormone production. Measuring TgAb helps assess thyroid autoimmunity and monitor certain thyroid conditions. Low or undetectable thyroglobulin antibodies are normal and indicate no significant autoimmune activity affecting the thyroid. High TgAb levels may suggest an autoimmune thyroid disorder, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Graves’ disease. These conditions can lead to symptoms of hypothyroidism (fatigue, weight gain, cold sensitivity) or hyperthyroidism (weight loss, rapid heartbeat, heat intolerance). Elevated TgAb levels can also interfere with thyroglobulin measurements used to monitor thyroid cancer treatment. Monitoring TgAb levels is important for diagnosing autoimmune thyroid conditions, managing thyroid function, and evaluating response to thyroid cancer therapies.
Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies
Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) are immune proteins produced when the immune system attacks thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme essential for thyroid hormone production. Measuring TPOAb levels helps identify autoimmune thyroid conditions. Low or undetectable TPOAb levels are normal and indicate no significant autoimmune activity affecting the thyroid. High TPOAb levels suggest the presence of an autoimmune thyroid disorder, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Graves’ disease. These conditions can cause hypothyroidism, with symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance, or hyperthyroidism, with symptoms like weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and heat sensitivity. High TPOAb levels are also seen in some people with subclinical thyroid dysfunction or a family history of thyroid disease. Monitoring TPOAb levels is crucial for diagnosing autoimmune thyroid conditions, understanding thyroid function, and guiding treatment strategies.
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